Let's Understand What is Networking š¤
Think of networking as the way different devices, like computers and phones, talk to each other and share things like pictures, files, or messages. It's like setting up a system that allows these devices to connect, chat, and exchange information. This system involves planning how they'll connect, making sure the connections work smoothly, and taking care of any issues that might come up. Just like how we need roads, signs, and traffic rules for cars to move around, devices need a network to move data and communicate with each other. So, networking is like creating and maintaining the digital highways that our devices use to share and access information.
Let's Deep Dive into Important Concepts of Networking
OSI model.
Protocols
Ports
Subnetting
Routing
DNS
VPN
Networking Tools
OSI model -
We’ll describe OSI layers “top-down” from the application layer that directly serves the end user, down to the physical layer.
Application Layer-
It is the topmost layer of the OSI model. It is responsible for providing the interface to the user.
Protocols worked on Application Layer-HTTPS, HTTP, FTP, Telenet.
Presentation Layer -
It defines how two devices should encode, encrypt, and compress data so it is received correctly on the other end.
Session Layer-
The session layer creates communication channels, called sessions, between devices. It is responsible for opening sessions, ensuring they remain open and functional while data is being transferred, and closing them when communication ends.
Transport Layer-
The primary function of the Transport Layer is to provide end-to-end communication and data transfer between different devices on a network.
TCP/IP -
TCP/IP keeps data safe by breaking it into parts, numbering them, and confirming receipt. If something's lost, it tries again until the receiver says it got everything, making sure data isn't lost during transmission.
UDP-
For fast data transmission with an acceptance of potential data loss, UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is suitable. It prioritizes speed over reliability, sending data quickly without the built-in mechanisms for retransmission or acknowledgment found in protocols like TCP.
Network Layer-
Network Layer is to facilitate end-to-end communication between devices across different networks. It is responsible for logical addressing, routing, and forwarding of data packets.
Data Link Layer-
The primary function of the Data Link Layer is to provide reliable point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication over a physical link.
Physical Layer-
The Physical Layer is the first layer in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, providing the means for transmitting raw binary data physically over a network medium.
Protocols-
It is a set of rules that defines how the data is transmitted between the devices.
TCP( Transmission Control Protocol )
TCP/IP keeps data safe by breaking it into parts, numbering them, and confirming receipt. If something's lost, it tries again until the receiver says it got everything, making sure data isn't lost during transmission.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol )
For fast data transmission with an acceptance of potential data loss, UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is suitable. It prioritizes speed over reliability, sending data quickly without the built-in mechanisms for retransmission or acknowledgment found in protocols like TCP.
IP (Internet Protocol )
IP is like the postal system for the Internet. It gives each device a unique address (IP address) and figures out the best route for messages (data packets) to travel from sender to receiver across the network.
Ports-
In networking, a "port" refers to a logical endpoint for communication. It's a way for a computer to organize and manage network connections.
Subnetting (CIDR -Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
When a bigger network is divided into smaller networks, to maintain security, then that is known as Subnetting.
Let's Understand the CIDR:-
CIDR - Classless Inter-Domain Routing- A method used for allocating IP addresses.
Used in Security Groups Rule & AWS networking in general.
How to define IP address range?
If we see some IP ranges as WW.XX.YY.ZZ---> It states that one IP.
If we see IP ranges as 0.0.0.0/0 ----> All IPs
If we IP range as 192.168.0.0/26 ------>192.168.0.0-192.168.0.63 (64 IP address)
CIDR block consists of two components:-
Base IP - Consists of any IP Range
- Example -10.0.0.0,192.168.0.0
Subnet IP -Defines all the how many bits that can change in the IP.
Example: /8,/16/24,/32.
/8- 255.0.0.0
/16-255.255.0.0
/24-255.255.255.0
/32-255.255.255.255
Routing -
Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between multiple networks. In data communication, including the Internet, routers play a crucial role in routing. Routers are networking devices that forward data packets between different computer networks. The goal of routing is to determine the most efficient path for data to travel from the source to the destination.
DNS
DNS, or the Domain Name System, is a critical component of the Internet that translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses. This process is essential because computers communicate using IP addresses, which are numerical labels assigned to each device on a network. However, humans find it easier to remember domain names like www.example.com instead of numerical IP addresses like 12.45.56.67
VPN
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a technology that provides a secure and encrypted connection over the Internet. It allows users to create a private network over a public network, such as the Internet and enables secure data transmission between the user's device and a remote server.
Networking tools-
Ping- To check the reachability of the host on the IP(Internet Protocol)
Example ping google.com
TraceRoute- To display the route and the transit delays of the packet over the Internet Protocol.
Example- traceroute example.com
Netstats- To display the network connections and routing tables.
Example - netstat -a
Nmap - To discover the host and the service of the computer network, create map
Example - nmap target_ip
Tcpdump-
To analyze the network traffic.
Example- tcpdump -i eth0
ifconfig(Linux)/ipconfig(Windows)-
To display the configuration of the network interface
Example -ifconfig
Dig (Domain Information Groper):
The "dig" command is a versatile tool used for querying DNS (Domain Name System) servers. It is typically used to retrieve information about domain names, IP addresses, and DNS records. Here are some common uses of the "dig" command:
Example-dig example.com
Nslookup
It is a command-line tool used for querying DNS (Domain Name System) servers to obtain domain name or IP address information.
Example -nslookup example.com
- Iperf-
iperf is a command-line tool used for measuring the network performance between two systems by assessing the available bandwidth, latency, and other network-related metrics. It is particularly useful for diagnosing network issues, optimizing performance, and conducting performance tests.
Example-iperf -s
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